浪花直播

On October 2, 1957, speaking before the United Nations General Assembly, Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rapacki proposed the denuclearization of Central Europe. Specifically, Rapacki stated that if East Germany and West Germany denuclearized, so too would Poland. In a coordinated move, Czechoslovakia pledged its willingness to join the endeavor. Taken together, the proposal to denuclearize these four Central European states became known as the 鈥淩apacki Plan.鈥�[1]

For Poland, the Rapacki Plan offered enormous benefits. It would remove US tactical nuclear weapons stationed in West Germany and ensure that West Germany did not receive intermediate range nuclear weapons under potential North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) sharing agreements. The Rapacki Plan would also allow Poland to carve out more independence for itself from Soviet domination and obtain Western recognition of the contentious Oder-Neisse line on Poland鈥檚 boundary with East Germany. As an added benefit, the scheme would bestow international prestige upon Poland and its diplomats.[2]

For the West, the Rapacki Plan posed insurmountable dangers. A prohibition on nuclear weapons in West Germany would undermine NATO鈥檚 defensive strategy and upset the balance of power in favor of Soviet conventional superiority in Europe. It might even induce a complete withdrawal of US armed forces from the continent. Moreover, the Rapacki Plan could solidify the status quo of a divided Germany and lead to West German neutralization.

Overall, the West believed that the Rapacki Plan could destroy NATO and imperil the foundations of Western security. Western states officially rejected the Rapacki Plan by mid-1958.[3]

Our understanding of Poland鈥檚 strategy and struggle to advance the Rapacki Plan is enhanced by top-secret documents published in Polskie dokumenty dyplomatyczne, a series produced by the Polish Institute of International Affairs. These documents, published in 2011 and graciously provided to the author by editor Piotr D艂ugo艂臋cki, have now been translated into English for the first time by Jerzy Giebu艂towski.[4] The materials posted to the 浪花直播 Center鈥檚 cover 1958 and 1959, the climax of the Rapacki Plan in diplomatic circles and the public imagination worldwide.[5]

One strength of the collection is the insight that it provides into Western consideration of the Rapacki Plan. In one file dated , a Polish official analyzes French Prime Minister F茅lix Gaillard鈥檚 public criticisms of the Rapacki Plan, concluding that Gaillard鈥檚 remarks were intended to gain much-needed economic aid from the Eisenhower Administration.

A , details the varied support for the Rapacki Plan amongst French socialist politicians. Later, on described a conversation with the then leading opposition figure, General Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle reportedly found the Rapacki Plan to be 鈥渆xtremely important鈥� because, unlike many Western officials, he liked that it could lead to neutralization in Central Europe. As de Gaulle saw it, neutralization with something like the Rapacki Plan 鈥渃ould be of paramount importance for a proper solution to the German question, without which there can be no peace in the world.鈥�

In assessing Canada鈥檚 鈥渒een interest鈥� in the Rapacki Plan, to serve as a mediator between East and West and the Conservative Party鈥檚 hopes of using the proposal for electoral gains in an upcoming election.

Poland also gleaned intelligence about the only two Western nuclear powers in the late 1950s, Great Britain and the United States. In a described Britain鈥檚 desire to engage the Rapacki Plan with counterproposals, which helped to convince Warsaw that its proposal might still have life as Western rejections rolled in.

Meanwhile, and describe divisions within the Eisenhower Administration over the Rapacki Plan. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles adamantly opposed the Rapacki Plan, in part because he believed that the United States should avoid arms control negotiations with the Soviet Union in early 1958, given US inferiority in missile technology.

On the other hand, Eisenhower advisors Harold Stassen, Sherman Adams, and General Alfred Gruenther liked the plan and saw it as a way to spark much-needed negotiations with the Soviet Union. They also believed that the neutralization of Central Europe with the Rapacki Plan would 鈥渦ndermine Soviet influence in Europe.鈥� Such observations of Western thinking challenge the argument made by some scholars that the West easily dismissed the Polish proposal.[6]

The collection also reveals Poland鈥檚 struggle to advance the Rapacki Plan within the Eastern Bloc. details Poland鈥檚 negative reaction to a secret Bulgarian proposal in January 1958 to form a denuclearized zone in the Balkans. As Rapacki informed a colleague, 鈥渢he [Polish] reply is, obviously, negative. We consider their proposal premature. Their action now would be highly detrimental to our proposal and no less detrimental to their own.鈥� A shows that Poland advised Bulgaria to delay its initiative 鈥渁t least by several weeks.鈥�

show that Poland, supposedly with Soviet backing, dissuaded Hungary from trying to join the Rapacki Plan. A depicts a Polish effort to stop Czechoslovakia from 鈥減lanning an extensive propaganda campaign鈥� on behalf of the Rapacki Plan, which Warsaw thought 鈥渃ompletely misses the point鈥� since the West took the Polish initiative seriously.

Beyond NATO and the Warsaw Pact, this collection offers diverse geopolitical perspectives on the Rapacki Plan. Numerous documents detail the positions of neutral nations like India, Sweden, and Austria, while others analyze the positions of Western allies beyond Europe, such as Australia and Japan.

These materials reveal the varied response to the Rapacki Plan across the international community. Whereas , . Likewise, with suggested modifications, whereas and towards the proposal.      

Although much of the collection consists of reports from Polish embassies abroad, it does include files that show the Polish Foreign Ministry鈥檚 approach to the Rapacki Plan in early 1958. in mid-March with the chiefs of key Polish diplomatic missions. Naszkowski laid out the Polish strategy for promoting the Rapacki Plan, which included 鈥淎voiding primitive propaganda methods,鈥� reaching 鈥渕ore and more social democratic circles in the West,鈥� and enhancing 鈥淧oland鈥檚 international prestige.鈥� Although Poland faced an uphill battle, Naszkowski liked that the Rapacki Plan had 鈥渇ound supporters in different circles鈥� throughout Europe and the United States.

Overall, this collection will prove valuable for historians of nuclear arms control, Polish foreign policy, and alliance politics during the Cold War. It provides first-hand insight into Poland鈥檚 greatest diplomatic initiative of the late 1950s, one which Warsaw hoped would fundamentally alter the dynamics of European security and carve out a larger role for Poland on the international stage. While the Rapacki Plan ultimately failed, it helped to inspire later efforts towards regional denuclearization in Europe and beyond.

[1] 鈥淎ddress by the Polish Foreign Minister (Rapacki) to the General Assembly [Extract], October 2, 1957,鈥� Documents on Disarmament: 1945-1959, Volume II, US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Department of State (Washington, DC: August 1960): 889.

[2] See, for example, Piotr D艂ugo艂臋cki, 鈥淎n Unknown Context of the Rapacki Plan,鈥� The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2011): 60; Piotr Wandycz, 鈥淎dam Rapacki and the Search for European Security,鈥� in Gordon A. Craig and Francis L. Loewenheim (eds.) The Diplomats, 1939 鈥� 1979 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994): 289 鈥� 317; Douglas E. Selvage, 鈥淧oland, the German Democratic Republic and the German question, 1955 鈥� 1967鈥� (PhD Diss., Yale University, 1998): 55 鈥� 59. 

[3] See, for example, James R. Ozinga, The Rapacki Plan: The 1957 Proposal to Denuclearize Central Europe and an Analysis of Its Rejection (Jefferson: McFarland & Co., 1989); James Stocker, 鈥淎ccepting Regional Zero: Nuclear Weapon Free Zones, US Nonproliferation Policy and Global Security, 1957 鈥� 1968,鈥� Journal of Cold War Studies, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 2015): 41 鈥� 47; Maria Pasztor, 鈥淔rance, Great Britain, and Polish Conceptions of Disarmament, 1957 鈥� 1964鈥� Acta Poloniae Historica, Vol. 90 (2004): 113 鈥� 155.

[4] For further utilization of these materials, see, Piotr D艂ugo艂臋cki, 鈥淎n Unknown Context.鈥�

[5] For documents covering 1957, see, Polskie dokumenty dyplomatyczne 1957, red. Krzysztof Ruchniewicz, Tadeusz Szumowski, Piotr D艂ugo艂臋cki, Warszawa: Polski Instytut Spraw Mi臋dzynarodowych, 2006.

[6] See, for example, John Lewis Gaddis, We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 137; Jozef Goldblat, 鈥淣uclear Weapon Free Zones: A History and Assessment,鈥� The Nonproliferation Review Vol. 4, No. 3 (Spring/Summer 1997): 18.