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On Wednesday, September 3, 2014, The Women in Public Service Project of the Global Women鈥檚 Leadership Initiative (GWLI) co-sponsored a public report launch event with The Africa Program titled, 鈥淢apping the Substantive Representation of Women in the Ugandan Parliament鈥�. Dr. Dina Refki, Executive Director of the Center for Women in Government & Civil Society (CWGCS), Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy, University at Albany, and Ms. Diana Abbas, a Research Associate at the Center for Women in Government and Civil Society and a Fulbright Scholar from Lebanon, presented their research assessing the gender imbalance in the Ugandan Parliament by examining the efficacy of the quota system and challenges involved with implementation. The study was a collaboration between the Center for Women in Government & Civil Society, Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy, University of Albany and Nkumba University. The report launch was moderated by Dr. Rangita de Silva de Alwis, Director of the GWLI and the Women in Public Service Project, and Dr. Monde Muyangwa, the Director of the Africa Program, provided commentary.

The Impact of Quotas in Parliament

Critical mass theory argues that as the number of women in legislature increases, the opportunities for these women parliamentarians to promote legislation related to women鈥檚 issues also increases similarly, particularly in situations where quota policies reserve specific seats for female representatives. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, the implementation of electoral gender quotas has drastically changed legislative bodies. Rwanda currently leads the world in women鈥檚 representation in a single or lower house of Parliament, and more than 12 countries in sub-Saharan Africa have more than 30% of women in their parliaments. Despite this, it has been argued that while quotas create spaces in a legislature for women, this has not necessarily translated into substantive representation.

The research Dr. Refki and Ms. Abbas presented asked the question: does the increase in the number of women in parliament have a direct correlation with substantive representation? Furthermore, what contextual factors are necessary for substantive representation to occur?

Thus far, Constitutional mandates in Uganda have increased women鈥檚 descriptive representation and have paved the way by breaking stereotypes about women鈥檚 abilities and competencies. In the 9^th Ugandan Parliament there are a total of 133 female MPs (Constituency Representatives, a Woman/District Representative, or a Special Interest representative), placing Uganda at 17^th in the world with 34.3% women in Parliament. Despite this, the overall inability of the 9^th Parliament of Uganda to move on critical women鈥檚 bills indicates that increased descriptive representation of women legislators is not consistently tied to similar improvements in substantive representation.

Challenges and Next Steps

Dr. Refki and Ms. Abbas continued on to discuss the 10 institutional and structural challenges facing women MPs, specifically highlighting these three:

1. Lack of work 鈥搇ife balance. Ms. Abbas discussed how women MPs still bear the brunt of housework and child-rearing, noting how female Parliament members repeatedly voiced their frustration that gender roles in the private sphere have not changed at the same speed roles of women in the public sphere have.
2. Limited access to opportunities to lobby, influence, and advocate. The majority of informal activity happens at the end of the work day, in bar and club environments. Even if women MPs did not have to go home, they generally felt unwelcome in those environments.
3. A legal quota system that accelerates descriptive representation, yet explicitly disrupts substantive representation. The quota system places an undue burden on women, as they have larger geographical districts to represent.  In addition, few women were able to use their seats as Women Representatives to launch successful bids for Constituency Representatives. Dr. Refki discussed how some people saw those bids as 鈥渨omen taking men鈥檚 seats鈥�, exposing serious flaws in the quota system. Intended to be a temporary measure to assist women in getting the training necessary to win non-special interest seats, the quota system is not working as planned.

Dr. Refki went on to discuss the necessary reforms to counteract the current contextual challenges female MPs are facing, including strengthening alliances with men, mobilizing women across party lines, and harnessing civil society as a resource. Both Ms. Refki and Ms. Abbas reiterated the importance of re-conceptualizing the quota system to strengthen the mandate effect and mitigate the label effect to achieve substantive representation.

Responses

Following the end of the report presentation, Dr. Muyangwa offered her thoughts and commentary on the research. She commended the role of the report in filling a void on quota research, and paving a path for moving forward.  Dr. Muyangwa discussed the importance of preventing gender issues from becoming a segregated area. She explicitly said, 鈥淲e don鈥檛 want people to feel that they are being pushed into women鈥檚 issues and not the 鈥榤ain work鈥欌��, she discussed. Further, 鈥淲hat are other ways that women can participate in Parliament that can bring about structural change?鈥� Dr. Muyangwa also stressed the importance of understanding how gender is understood and perceived in Africa, as well as the importance of framing political issues by taking cultural norms into consideration in order to better relate to people.

The presentation concluded with a question and answer session. Stephenie Foster, a Senior Policy Advisor to the U.S. State Department鈥檚 Office of Global Women鈥檚 Issues made a point, asking, 鈥淲hat are our expectations of women who are elected to office?鈥� She said that while we want them to bring their experiences into the office, are we expecting more from them than we are from their male colleagues? Ms. Abbas response was one later echoed by Dr. de Silva de Alwis in her closing remarks: 鈥淲e don鈥檛 need to ask women to do more, but we need to ask them not to hold back. We need to help women feel that using their gender as a perspective is not a bad thing.鈥�

Dr. de Silva de Alwis ended the session by underscoring the importance of the research that was presented by Dr. Refki and Ms. Abbas. 鈥淲omen and men are both expected in a representative democracy to address equality issues. These are not women鈥檚 issues, they are fundamental equality issues. History has shown that when women are at the table, they bring their lived experience and help create that necessary change.鈥�