A blog of the 浪花直播 Center
This interview is also available in Portuguese, following the English version below / A entrevista est谩 dispon铆vel em portugu锚s, sob a vers茫o em ingl锚s.
Robeyonc茅 Lima, a lawyer and activist, is the first trans woman politician to be elected in the state of Pernambuco. In 2017, after graduating from the Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Lima became the first trans lawyer to join the Brazilian Bar Association (OAB) in her state. She was elected a state deputy for Pernambuco in 2018 through the collective candidacy JUNTAS (PSOL).
The following conversation has been condensed and edited for clarity. The views and opinions expressed below are the interviewee's own, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Brazil Institute or the 浪花直播 Center.
Why did you decide to run for state deputy?
The decision emerged from an invitation to participate in a collective candidacy[1] with four other women: Carol Vergolino, Joelma Carla, K谩tia Cunha, and J么 Cavalcanti. The five of us decided to unite our efforts for political leadership in a new sort of campaign, because together we are stronger. Through the partnership, we are better able to combat our dissatisfaction with a political system that does not represent us, and never has. This dissatisfaction inspired us to run for office to try to change politics.
How will your work as an attorney help or affect your work as state deputy?
Before I became a state deputy I was an attorney, and based on my belief in activism, I took many pro bono cases to help LGBTQ+ friends secure their judicial rights. However, this pro bono advocacy was focused on individuals鈥攈elping a specific lesbian, gay, or trans person. But from the moment you become a public figure, you realize that it is more effective to provide support on a larger scale. In professional terms, the biggest difference has been to stop providing support to one person and start providing support to an entire group of people, through public policy.
Can you talk about your collective candidacy JUNTAS 50180? Why did you decide to join? How did you meet the other candidates and what were, in your opinion, the main priorities of the collective candidacy?
Our collective candidacy JUNTAS has a certain pioneering spirit here in the state of Pernambuco, but there were precedents in other states. Some examples include 脕urea Carolina鈥檚 collective cabinet in Minas Gerais and a group in Alto Para铆so [in the state of Goi谩s] at the city-council level. The number 50180 highlights our feminist agenda and was chosen precisely because 180 is the phone number of 鈥淒isque Den煤ncia,鈥 a hotline for reporting violence against women. The number 50 refers to our party, the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL).
I decided to join JUNTAS because of my dissatisfaction with politics and because I thought that protesting was important but not sufficient. What is truly important is to start a sort of institutional protest in decision-making environments. When I met the other JUNTAS candidates, several were already interested in running for office individually, so the idea of a collective candidacy emerged based on the precedents I mentioned. We hoped that a collective candidacy would give us greater strength and increase the possibility of being elected.
The most important issue for JUNTAS, which we represent with our own bodies, is the presence of women in politics and in positions of power. The simple fact that we are in the Legislative Assembly is a step towards reversing the cruel statistic that in the 180 years of the assembly, we have had more than 1,000 men serve as deputies but fewer than fifty women. The fact that we are occupying these seats helps pave the way, little by little, towards changing this statistic and the sexism in politics that discounts the role women can play in creating public policy.
What is your main legislative goal as deputy? What are some public policies you want to prioritize or bills you want to propose?
We always talk about the prioritization of people鈥檚 lives. We are [living] in a moment in which we are losing our rights, the right to life being the most paramount. In terms of public safety, and [ensuring] cities are safe for people, including LGBTQ+ people, we need to study and evaluate how to use our mandate to improve people鈥檚 quality of life and secure the right to life that is being threatened. As a result, one of our top priorities is people鈥檚 lives, their safety, so that trans women and travestis[2] can go out in public and return home alive.
In your experience, have you faced resistance or prejudice against the participation of trans people, Afro-descendants, and women in politics? What is the best way to overcome this?
When we get into politics, the system pushes us to conform to the cis-normative[3] and white standards that govern politics. I always try to confront and oppose these pressures to change who I am. For instance, I have heard people say that JUNTAS is not [made up of] five women, but four and a half, referring to the fact that I am a pre-operative trans woman. So, at the same time that we are fighting to prevent the system from altering us, we are gradually altering the system by bringing new, more inclusive, and less conservative standards.
Being the first trans deputy is already a strong symbol for the LGBTQ+ community in Pernambuco and in Brazil. How do you think your election can change the way trans people in Pernambuco participate and think about politics?
Here in Pernambuco I was elected as a trans deputy but I was also accompanied by two other trans deputies who were elected in S茫o Paulo: Erika Hilton, elected through a joint candidacy from the Bancada Ativista; and Erica Malunguinho, elected in the standard way as an individual. So, I share with these two girls the pioneering spirit of trans deputies revolutionizing politics.
Now, we want our leadership to serve as an example for other trans girls to occupy this institutional space. We cannot just be relegated to the street corners of prostitution. Who would have thought that we would have trans deputies in the states of S茫o Paulo and Pernambuco today? We have proven that nothing prevents us from electing many other travestis to city councils in the 2020 municipal elections.
What are your observations on the first months of the Bolsonaro administration?
What I have observed in particular is an intensification of the oppression of the less-favored social strata. Before the Bolsonaro administration, before the coup against President Dilma, we did not have a perfect world and we were already living in precarious situations. However, with this new government, we see the intensification of this oppression. My fear of leaving home and not returning alive is older than this administration. They are trying to [use] this fear to immobilize us and prevent us from claiming our rights and [continuing] our fight. That is why we cannot let fear imprison us鈥攂ecause if we stay still, we will not be able to see the chains that imprison us, as Rosa Luxemburg said.
Several of JUNTAS鈥檚 policy proposals contradict the proposals of the federal government, one example being the issue of education about gender diversity and sexuality in schools. How, within the federal system and perhaps through civil society, do you intend to respond to federal government initiatives on these issues?
In terms of agenda items that are in clear contradiction to the federal government鈥檚 priorities, we have limited room for action because, while the federal government prioritizes conservatism, we are coming with a revolutionary proposal鈥攂ut at the state level, which puts us at a disadvantage in any ideological clash with the federal government. However, we have party colleagues who were elected as federal deputies and who can therefore take a leading role on these issues in Congress. We have our friends 脕urea Carolina and Taliria Petrone and our colleagues Marcelo Freixo and Jean Wyllys, who unfortunately is no longer [in Brazil] with us because he preferred to preserve his own life, as he was being threatened. Thus, we will be able to advance our agenda through communication between state and federal deputies.
What are the biggest issues and challenges faced by trans people in Brazil?
The biggest problem in general is the infringement of rights, especially the infringement of the right to life, given that we are in a country that kills the greatest number of LGBTQ+ people in the world. While we have seen some progress for the LGBTQ+ movement in Brazil, we continue to see LGBTQ+ people dying in the streets. It is not helpful, for example, for a travesti to have her identified gender recognized by a notary public office[4] by day, if she is then assassinated by night in a transphobic attack on the street corner where she works as a prostitute. Dead LGBTQ+ people cannot enjoy any rights. So the biggest challenge for the LGBTQ+ community is to try to reverse that statistic. For this, we must promote dialogue with society. People are taking our lives because they see us as animals, they have not had gender and sexuality education in schools.
Are you optimistic about the future of women, the LGBTQ+ community, and Brazilian Afro-descendants in society and in politics in Pernambuco and in Brazil?
I am optimistic because the people who have placed this government in Bras铆lia are slowly starting to become disappointed. People are opening their eyes to this far-right government, this government based on conservatism. So, there is the chance that dissatisfaction in the national sphere will bring good results in the municipal elections of 2020. In other words, there is a strong possibility that what happened in the United States will occur here in Brazil, where first there was the election of President Trump, who brought right-wing ideas and conservatism, but after two years, in the local elections, there was a reversal with Latinas, black women, and LGBTQ+ people being elected. I think this revolution is possible in Brazil too.
[1] , where a group of people runs for a single seat, are an experiment in Brazilian politics and are not currently recognized by Brazil鈥檚 electoral commission. In practice, therefore, these groups choose one of their members to serve as the official candidate. This person鈥檚 name will appear alone on the ballot and, if successful, the mandate will officially be this person鈥檚 alone. Nonetheless, these groups generally pledge to work and reach decisions as a group, with the members on strictly equal footing. Examples include the Activist Bloc in the S茫o Paulo state legislature, first elected in 2016 and, as Deputy Lima mentions, a collective mandate which holds a city council seat in the state of Goi谩s, also first elected in 2016.
[2] Travesti is a Brazilian Portuguese term that refers to men born male but who possess or cultivate feminine identities and forms of embodiment.
[3] The assumption that all human beings are cisgender, i.e. have a gender identity which matches the sex they were assigned at birth.
[4] In Brazil, the notary public office (肠补谤迟贸谤颈辞) is an official government organ, where people can register births and deaths, marriages and divorces, certify wills and contracts, and other administrative activities.
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Por que voc锚 decidiu se candidatar a deputada estadual?
A decis茫o de me candidatar a deputada estadual surgiu primeiramente do convite de participar de uma candidatura coletiva junto com outras quatro mulheres: Carol Vergolino, Joelma Carla, K谩tia Cunha e J么 Cavalcanti. Eu e essas quatro mulheres resolvemos unir for莽as nesse protagonismo pol铆tico, nesse novo jeito de fazer uma candidatura, pois juntas somos mais fortes. Assim, temos mais for莽a para combater nossa insatisfa莽茫o com esse sistema pol铆tico que n茫o nos representa e nunca nos representou. Essa insatisfa莽茫o fez com que a gente se candidatasse para tentar mudar a pol铆tica de alguma forma.
Como a sua forma莽茫o como advogada judici谩ria ajudar谩, ou afetar谩, o seu trabalho como deputada?
Antes de me tornar deputada, eu j谩 era advogada e, na minha milit芒ncia como advogada, eu fazia muita advocacia pro bono para ajudar outras amigas e amigos LGBTs em busca do seu direito no judici谩rio. Mas essa advocacia pro bono antes de me tornar deputada era uma advocacia voltada para a ajuda individual, de uma determinada pessoa, de uma determinada l茅sbica, de uma determinada trans, de um determinado homossexual. Mas a partir do momento que nos tornamos figura p煤blica, percebemos que 茅 mais estrat茅gico dar apoio num 芒mbito mais coletivo. Ent茫o, em termos profissionais, a maior mudan莽a foi deixar de atender a uma pessoa ou outra para atender a toda uma categoria de pessoas atrav茅s de pol铆ticas p煤blicas.
Voc锚 pode falar um pouco mais sobre a sua candidatura coletiva JUNTAS 50180? Por que voc锚 decidiu entrar? Como voc锚 conheceu as outras candidatas e quais eram, na sua opini茫o, as pautas mais importantes da sua candidatura coletiva?
Esse projeto de candidatura coletiva das JUNTAS tem um certo pioneirismo aqui no estado de Pernambuco, mas traz como precedente a pr贸pria gabinetona da companheira 脕urea Carolina em Minas Gerais e o pessoal do Alto Para铆so no 芒mbito de verean莽a. O nosso n煤mero 茅 50180 pois busca trazer quest玫es da pauta feminista e foi escolhido justamente porque o 180 茅 o n煤mero do Disque Den煤ncia de viol锚ncia contra mulher e o 50, claro, 茅 a sigla partid谩ria que n茫o podemos deixar de colocar na legenda.
Eu decidi entrar na JUNTAS pela pr贸pria insatisfa莽茫o com a pol铆tica, por pensar que fazer milit芒ncia de rua 茅 importante mas n茫o 茅 suficiente. 脡 necess谩rio fazer uma milit芒ncia institucional em ambientes de tomada de decis茫o. Quando conheci as outras codeputadas desse projeto pol铆tico, algumas j谩 estavam querendo se candidatar individualmente, ent茫o surgiu a ideia com base nos precedentes de se candidatar coletivamente para ter mais for莽a e uma possibilidade maior de conseguir uma cadeira institucional.
A pauta mais importante da JUNTAS, que j谩 trazemos com nossos pr贸prios corpos 茅 a presen莽a da mulher na pol铆tica em locais de tomada de decis茫o. O pr贸prio fato da gente estar l谩 tem o sentido de reverter as estat铆sticas cru茅is de que em 180 anos de Assembleia Legislativa tivemos mais de 1.000 homens deputados e menos de 50 mulheres. Ent茫o, o fato de estarmos ocupando essa cadeira ajuda aos poucos a abrir caminho para reverter essa estat铆stica e a pol铆tica machista e mis贸gina que n茫o leva em considera莽茫o o potencial da mulher nas constru莽玫es coletivas de pol铆tica p煤blica.
Qual 茅 o seu primeiro objetivo legislativo como deputada? Quais s茫o algumas outras prioridades em rela莽茫o a pol铆ticas p煤blicas ou atos que voc锚 pretende propor?
N贸s trazemos muito a quest茫o da prioriza莽茫o da vida das pessoas. Estamos num contexto de perda de direitos, sendo o principal o direito 脿 vida. Nessa quest茫o de seguran莽a p煤blica, a quest茫o de cidade segura para as pessoas, inclusive para pessoas LGBTs, precisamos estudar e analisar como podemos utilizar o instrumento do mandato para melhorar a qualidade de vida das pessoas e trazer o direito 脿 vida que est谩 sendo amea莽ado. Assim, uma das nossas maiores prioridades 茅 justamente a vida das pessoas, a seguran莽a para que as mulheres trans e travestis saiam para a rua e voltem para casa com vida.
Na sua experi锚ncia, voc锚 j谩 enfrentou resist锚ncia ou preconceito 脿 participa莽茫o de pessoas trans, mulheres e Afro-descendentes na pol铆tica? Qual 茅 a melhor maneira de superar isso?
Quando n贸s entramos na pol铆tica, esse sistema pol铆tico exige que a gente se desconfigure para se adequar aos padr玫es cis normativos e embranquecidos que regem a pol铆tica. Eu tento sempre enfrentar essa tentativa do sistema de me desfigurar. Por exemplo, eu j谩 ouvi pessoas dizerem que as JUNTAS n茫o s茫o cinco mulheres, e sim quatro e meia, se referindo ao fato de que eu sou mulher trans e n茫o operada. Ent茫o, ao mesmo tempo que lutamos para evitar que o sistema nos desconfigure, vamos aos poucos desconfigurando esse sistema, trazendo novos padr玫es mais inclusivos e menos conservadores.
Ser a primeira deputada trans j谩 constitui um s铆mbolo forte para a comunidade LGBT em Pernambuco e no Brasil. Como voc锚 acha que a sua elei莽茫o pode mudar a forma como as pessoas trans em Pernambuco participam e pensam sobre pol铆tica?
Eu aqui em Pernambuco me elegi como deputada trans mas tamb茅m fui acompanhada por duas outras deputadas trans que se elegeram em S茫o Paulo; A Erika Hilton, que se elegeu pela mandata coletiva da Bancada Ativista e a Erica Malunguinho que se elegeu individualmente no sistema padr茫o individual. Assim, eu compartilho com essas duas meninas o pioneirismo de deputadas trans revolucionando a pol铆tica.
Agora, queremos que o noso protagonismo sirva como refer锚ncia para que outras meninas trans ocupem esse espa莽o institucional. N茫o podemos ficar apenas relegadas 脿s esquinas da prostitui莽茫o. Quem diria que a ter铆amos hoje deputadas trans no Brasil, nos estados de Pernambuco e S茫o Paulo? Provamos que nada impede que tenhamos muitas outras travestis nas c芒maras municipais do Brasil a partir da elei莽茫o de 2020 de 芒mbito local para verean莽a e prefeituras.
Quais s茫o as suas observa莽玫es sobre o primeiro m锚s do governo Bolsonaro?
O que eu particularmente tenho observado 茅 justamente uma intensifica莽茫o das opress玫es das camadas sociais menos favorecidas. Antes do governo Bolsonaro, antes do golpe contra a presidente Dilma, n贸s n茫o t铆nhamos um mundo perfeito e j谩 viv铆amos em situa莽玫es prec谩rias, mas, com esse novo governo, vemos a intensifica莽茫o dessas opress玫es. O meu medo de sair de casa e n茫o voltar para casa com vida 茅 mais antigo que esse governo. O que est茫o tentando fazer 茅 que esse medo n茫o nos deixe nos mover para reivindicar nosso direitos e a nossa luta. Por isso n茫o podemos deixar esse medo nos aprisionar, porque se n茫o nos movemos, n茫o percebemos as correntes que nos aprisionam, como diz a companheira Rosa Luxemburg.
Algumas propostas da JUNTAS est茫o, evidentemente, em contradi莽茫o com as propostas do governo federal, por exemplo a quest茫o de educa莽茫o sobre a diversidade de g锚nero e de sexualidade em escolas. Como, dentro do sistema federal e talvez atrav茅s da sociedade civil, voc锚 pretende responder 脿s iniciativas potenciais do governo federal nesse temas?
Em termos de pautas que s茫o claramente contradit贸rias ao governo federal, temos atua莽茫o limitada pois, enquanto o governo federal prioriza o conservadorismo, chegamos com uma proposta revolucion谩ria, por茅m em 芒mbito estadual, o que dificulta um embate ideol贸gico dialog谩vel com o governo federal. Entretanto, tamb茅m temos companheiras de partido que conseguiram se eleger como deputadas federais que podem fazer essa linha de frente no protagonismo de enfrentamento no congresso federal. Temos as companheiras 脕urea Carolina e Taliria Petrone e os companheiros Marcelo Freixo e Jean Wyllys, que infelizmente n茫o est谩 mais conosco pois preferiu zelar pela sua pr贸pria vida, uma vez que estava sendo amea莽ado. Assim, conseguiremos avan莽ar as nossas pautas atrav茅s de uma comunica莽茫o entre deputados estaduais e federais.
Quais s茫o os maiores problemas e/ou desafios enfrentados por pessoas trans no Brasil?
O maior problema de uma maneira geral 茅 exatamente essa retirada de direitos e, mais precisamente, do pr贸prio direito 脿 vida, visto que estamos no pa铆s que mais mata LGBTs no mundo. Assim, embora tenhamos visto um certo avan莽o em pautas LGBTs no Brasil, continuamos vendo pessoas LGBTs morrendo nas ruas. Ou seja, n茫o adianta, por exemplo, uma travesti conseguir retifica莽茫o de nome em 肠补谤迟贸谤颈辞 durante o dia e ser assassinada por um ataque transf贸bico na noite desse mesmo dia na esquina de onde ela se prostitui. Uma LGBT morta n茫o tem condi莽玫es usufruir dos seus direitos. Ent茫o, o maior desafio da comunidade LGBT 茅 tentar reverter essa estat铆stica. Para isso, devemos promover um di谩logo com a sociedade, pois as pessoas est茫o tirando as nossas vidas porque veem como animal, n茫o tiveram educa莽茫o de g锚nero e sexualidade nas escolas.
Voc锚 茅 otimista ou n茫o sobre o futuro das mulheres, da comunidade LGBT e dos afrodescendentes brasileiros na sociedade e na pol铆tica em Pernambuco e no Brasil?
Eu sou otimista porque as pessoas que colocaram esse governo em Bras铆lia aos poucos est茫o come莽ando a se decepcionar. As pessoas est茫o abrindo os olhos para esse governo de extrema direita, esse governo pautado no conservadorismo. Ent茫o existe a chance de que a insatisfa莽茫o na esfera nacional provoque uma insatisfa莽茫o geral que trar谩 bons resultados nas elei莽玫es municipais de 2020. Ou seja, h谩 uma forte possibilidade de ocorrer aqui no Brasil o que ocorreu nos EUA, onde tivemos a elei莽茫o do presidente Trump, que trouxe ideias de direita e conservadorismo, mas depois de 2 anos, nas elei莽玫es locais, tivemos uma reviravolta com latinas, mulheres negras e pessoas LGBTs se elegendo. Por isso acho que essa revolu莽茫o tamb茅m 茅 poss铆vel no Brasil.
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Brazil Institute
The Brazil Institute鈥攖he only country-specific policy institution focused on Brazil in Washington鈥攁ims to deepen understanding of Brazil鈥檚 complex landscape and strengthen relations between Brazilian and US institutions across all sectors. Read more
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